1. Planning. Think ahead clearly, before you begin, about how you want to put your essay together, what you want to say, and the nature of the relevant material. Strict deadlines can tempt you to put something on the page as soon as possible, but thorough planning will save you time by making the writing phase that much smoother.
2. Specifications. Are there any particular specs which must be followed? If so the structure of your essay should reflect the demands of the work. Discursive essays, analytical essays, critical reflections and reports each require different approaches.
3. editing. Having completed the necessary reading or other research, you must consider carefully what ‘makes the final cut’. Some material will have emerged as centrally important, some useful in support, and some more or less irrelevant. Decide what is in and what is out.
4. Logical argumentation. The external material may already fall into clear relationships, but where does your argument fit in, and how does it progress? More analytical essays will require evidence of logical progression of thought that is internally consistent and responsive to the work of others.
5. Development. Much of the structure of your essay will be determined by the source material and the progression of your own arguments, but it can be necessary to organise these further into a common arc. One example would be to begin with a review of classic texts, move onto an analysis of more recent works, then introduce original reflections and identify interesting new trends.
6. Introduction. Your opening section should outline your intended approach, refer directly to the question or title, and define key terms if necessary. This will set the tone for the entire piece and should be seen as an opportunity to demonstrate a proper engagement will the requirements of the work.
7. Body paragraphs. The main bulk of the text, this is where discussions are given full treatment and arguments can be developed. Aim to give each paragraph a particular direction and purpose, each one building substantially from the last.
8. Topic sentences. In each body paragraph you should aim to clarify as early as possible the line of argument or direction of thought. From here you can move on to referencing source material and developing a convincing analysis.
9. Subheadings. Effective use of subheadings can serve not only to clarify expression, but encourage clarity of thought. Generally subheadings should be used only when specified, but when employing them you can typically reduce the amount of exposition and directly address the designated issues.
10. Conclusion. More than just a restatement of your thoughts and findings, a good conclusion should also aim to synthesise the material and tie the piece together. This gives the reader their final impression of your work, and should be accorded due significance. Above all else, make sure you address the question.
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1. Confidence. It can be rather daunting to set about heavily critiquing authoritative texts, and takes some courage to put out fresh ideas of your own. As long as you are comfortable with the basic requirements of essay writing and academic conventions, you should be assured in your intellectual abilities and have the confidence to take a risk.
2. Unusual sources. Everyone’s ideas are informed by the other material out there. Rather than sticking to the basic texts or standard sources, consider following the footnotes to more unusual areas to find challenging new ideas in unexpected places.
3. Often originality will emerge after a long familiarity with central, core source materials and more contemporary and less established texts. In writing your essay, aim to move on quickly from repetitive discussions and cut to the chase. Establish the bulk of your analysis in new and emerging areas of research.
4. Critical perspective. A critical engagement with the available literature is essential for any hope of finding fresh and original ideas. Be on the look out for unwarranted assumptions in the arguments of others, and don’t be afraid to challenge these as you see fit. Disrupt the normal lines of argument to establish an original voice in your work.
5. Academic rigour. Only in mastering the basics can you reasonably hope to move on to more exciting and original substance in your writing. Familiarise yourself with the conventions of writing an academic essay, and with the standard lines of inquiry in your given subject area.
6. Wide reading and research. Originality seldom comes from isolated genius, but from critical exposure to the literature. Read widely and engage at a serious level with the available and relevant research in order to lay the foundations for originality in your essay.
7. Unorthodoxy. By choosing from the outset to adopt an unusual or marginal argumentative position, you set yourself a considerable challenge by aligning yourself against the weight of opinion. However, you will also increase the likelihood of demonstrating original ideas and avenues of inquiry. Be assured that you will be judged not on the position you take, but on the strength of your arguments.
8. Organisation. Often the main thrust of the major paragraphs in your essay will be determined by the material to which you are referring, and the references may well present an obvious set of relationships. Chronological arrangement is common as it represents the development of ideas; consider juxtaposing classic and contemporary sources to provoke new insights.
9. Language. It remains important always to use appropriate linguistic conventions and maintain the academic register throughout. Nevertheless, adopting a slightly more assertive tone can lift the quality of your writing by emphasising your own critical perspective and moving away from tired repetition of familiar discussions.
10. Outside theories. Many academic disciplines treasure a certain corpus of theoretical approaches. Occasionally, however, it is possible to bring in theoretical ideas from other related disciplines to shed a new light on old material. Such a tactic can be very enlightening, but be sure to do so only when your grasp of the outside theory is assured.
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1. Awareness. Try to show your understanding of the important values, issues and debates in nursing today by letting these inform your approach to essay writing. This can be seen as a guide as much as an added requirement; when stuck with how to introduce an idea or set up a discussion, consider current issues as providing a way in.
2. Academic writing. The essay is an academic piece of work and should therefore follow academic conventions concerning style and format. Use formal language, references and specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Remember also to take care with spelling, punctuation and grammar.
3. Genres. The subject of nursing is often approached through the different genres of work required at degree level. Be sensitive to the different requirements of care plans, reflective essays, literature reviews and so on. Adhering to the particular specifications will demonstrate your understanding of the differences between the genres, and is necessary for high marks.
4. Content. The content of the essay will depend on the question at hand and the requirements for the work, but in general it serves to be aware of the scale of sophistication stretching from level 1 to level 3. Lower level work such as care plans can be reasonably descriptive in content, but higher level work will require more argumentative and critical substance.
5. Theory and practice. As a vocational degree, nursing can never be entirely divorced from issues of practical application of what you have learned. It is therefore necessary to find ways to link theory with practice, demonstrating your understanding of the two-way exchange of ideas to gain top marks.
6. Wide reading. Like all academic disciplines, excellence in nursing depends on wide reading around the subject, of both the academic literature and the clinical evidence. References to a wide range of material, preferably from a variety of sources, is necessary to demonstrate the proper level of engagement.
7. Evaluation. Level 3 work is distinguished from lower levels by its requirement for substantial critical evaluation. Do not just gather a wide variety of sources, but consider also the strength of their arguments and take a critical distance from them in order to show your evaluative skills.
8. Structure. Important in any essay, proper structure gives the foundations for excellence in all other assessment criteria. Different types of work will require different structures, but the basic principle of a considered, planned approach is universally applicable.
9. Logical argumentation. As with critical evaluation, evidence of consistent logic in developing arguments tends to be a requirement of higher level work. However, making this a priority will ensure higher marks in all work. Think clearly, identify faulty assumptions and build a logical case to support your ideas.
10. Balance. Evaluation is a type of balance – weighing the credibility of certain sources against others – but balance applies equally to all aspects of your essay. How much of your text is a review of others’ work, and how much your own? Have you given equal consideration to the subsections within the specification? Aim not to lavish too much attention on one area at the expense of others.